How Do Solar Lentigines Form? Don't Confusing Them with Freckles

Solar lentigines (also known as sunspots) are often confused with freckles. While both are common types of pigmentation, both are influenced by UV exposure, and both tend to appear on the cheeks, they are fundamentally different. Regardless of which type appears on the skin, pigmentation is something few women welcome. To prevent or eliminate these stubborn marks, the first step is understanding exactly what type of pigmentation you have so you can address it correctly. This article explains how to distinguish between different pigmentation types, provides tips for preventing sunspots, and offers a comprehensive guide to treatment options.

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What Are Solar Lentigines (Sunspots)? Characteristics of Solar Lentigines

Solar lentigines (sunspots) are pigment spots caused by UV exposure. They are located in the epidermis, appear brown in color, and have a smooth surface. Their size varies significantly—from as small as a sesame seed to as large as a coin. They typically start out round or oval in shape and commonly appear on highly exposed and protruding facial areas such as the cheekbones, nose, cheeks, forehead, and outer eye area. They occur more frequently among fair-skinned individuals, middle-aged adults, and seniors.

Sunspot Cause: UV Radiation Is the Main Culprit

UV radiation from sunlight accelerates skin aging and is widely considered responsible for many dermatological issues—including sunspots.

When the skin is exposed to UV rays, the melanocytes produce melanin to protect skin cells from damage. The more UV exposure the skin receives, the more melanin it produces. Without adequate sun protection, prolonged exposure prompts excessive melanin release. Over time, the pigment accumulates in the deeper skin layers, gradually moves toward the surface, and becomes visible as sunspots.

Why Do People Get Sunspots Even Without Sun Exposure?

Many are puzzled: if UV exposure causes sunspots, why do people who rarely go outdoors still develop them? The reason is that ultraviolet radiation exists not only in sunlight but also in artificial light sources such as phones, tablets, and computer screens. Long-term exposure to blue light can stimulate melanin production and trigger pigmentation.

While UV rays are the primary driver, other factors also contribute, including genetics and individual skin predispositions. Some people develop pigmentation earlier—sometimes even during adolescence. Additionally, diet and sleep patterns play a significant role. Irregular eating habits, restrictive dieting, chronic lack of sleep, and frequent late nights all accelerate the development of sunspots.

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The 5 Major Types of Common Pigmentation

Sunspots and freckles are often confused, but they differ significantly in origin, appearance, and skin depth. Below are the five most common pigmentation types: sunspots, freckles, melasma, café-au-lait spots, and age spots.

Pigmentation Type 1: Sunspots (Solar Lentigines)

Characteristics: Brown in color, usually round or oval, with sizes ranging from tiny specks to coin-sized patches. They typically appear individually and develop on sun-exposed facial areas such as the forehead, cheeks, and cheekbones. They are located in the epidermis.

Cause: Long-term accumulated UV damage, often appearing from mid-adulthood onward.

Pigmentation Type 2: Freckles

Characteristics: Red or light brown small spots that darken after strong sun exposure. They are small, generally 1–2 mm, irregular in shape, and distributed on the cheeks, nose, neck, and hands. They are superficial pigmentation.

Cause: Partly UV-related but primarily hereditary. Many people develop freckles in childhood.

Pigmentation Type 3: Melasma

Characteristics: Light to dark brown patches that form large, symmetrical, net-like distributions on sun-exposed areas. Edges are often blurred. Melasma forms in deeper layers of the skin.

Cause: Hormonal fluctuations—particularly during pregnancy, menopause, or when taking birth-control pills. Genetics and UV exposure also play roles.

Pigmentation Type 4: Café-au-lait Spots

Characteristics: Light to dark milky-brown patches that may appear anywhere on the body. They range from a few millimeters to up to 20 cm. They have clear boundaries, smooth surfaces, and irregular shapes.

Cause: Not UV-related. They are genetic skin conditions—essentially a type of birthmark. They may appear at birth or develop in early childhood.

Pigmentation Type 5: Age Spots

Characteristics: Light to deep brown patches, often the size of a soybean or larger. They grow and become more raised with age. Commonly found on sun-exposed areas such as the face, hands, arms, and neck. They are deeper-layer pigmentation.

Cause: Skin aging, thickening of the keratin layer, and accumulated UV damage. They typically appear after ages 40–50.

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How to Prevent Sunspot Formation? Remember: Sun Protection Is Non-Negotiable

Since sunspots are primarily caused by accumulated UV exposure, proper sun protection is the first and most essential prevention strategy. Sunscreen is therefore indispensable. But how do you choose the right one?

Sunscreen Buying Tips

The market is filled with sunscreens for different skin types and uses. To help narrow your choices, here are practical selection guidelines.

Choose SPF and PA Rating Based on Your Activity

SPF measures UVB protection, starting at SPF 15. PA measures UVA protection, categorized into four levels: PA+, PA++, PA+++, and PA++++.

Higher values provide better UV protection, but stronger sunscreens can place greater burden on the skin.

For daily indoor activities: SPF 15–30, PA+ to PA++. For long outdoor exposure or intense sunlight: Higher SPF products (e.g., SPF 50).

Chemical vs. Physical Sunscreen

Chemical Sunscreens: Absorb UV rays and convert them into heat. They offer strong protection with lightweight textures but may irritate sensitive skin. Ideal for oily or combination skin.

Physical Sunscreens: Sit on the skin’s surface and reflect UV rays. They are gentler and less likely to cause allergies but may feel heavier and leave a white cast. Suitable for dry or sensitive skin, including children.

Some modern formulations combine both for balanced protection with reduced irritation.

How to Use Sunscreen Correctly

1. Apply sunscreen after skincare and before makeup.
2. Makeup primers or bases cannot replace sunscreen.
3. Use adequate amounts: about 5 ml for the face; about 35 ml for the entire body.
4. Reapply every two hours, especially when sweating.
5. Thoroughly cleanse the skin after sunscreen use to avoid clogged pores.

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Natural Remedies: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Dietary Approaches

From a TCM perspective, pigmentation is not only related to UV damage but also to internal imbalances. Addressing internal health through diet can support pigmentation improvement.

Remedy 1: White Fungus (Tremella)

Rich in natural plant collagen, white fungus supports hydration and may help reduce pigmentation.

Remedy 2: Tomatoes

High in vitamin C and lycopene, tomatoes inhibit melanin activity and brighten the skin.

Remedy 3: Kiwi

Packed with fiber and vitamin C, kiwi helps fight oxidative damage and may reduce sunspots over time.

Remedy 4: Strawberries

Strawberries contain high levels of vitamin C, anthocyanins, and lycopene—effective antioxidants that help mitigate melanin accumulation.

Remedy 5: Barley (Job’s Tears)

Demonstrated to support skin brightening and maintain skin clarity. Consistent intake may help reduce pigmentation.

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Treatments for Sunspots

Although sunspots are harmless, their appearance can impact one’s confidence. Beyond diet, here are three common clinical treatment options.

Treatment 1: Prescription Topical Creams

Dermatologists often prescribe topical treatments containing hydroquinone or tretinoin. These suppress melanin production but require long-term, consistent use. Incorrect use may cause irritation.

Treatment 2: Intense Pulsed Light (IPL)

IPL uses multiple wavelengths to break down pigmentation and improve vascular issues and wrinkles simultaneously. However, the lack of wavelength specificity increases the risk of overheating or burns when performed by untrained personnel. It also tends to be slower and less targeted than laser treatments.

Treatment 3: Laser Pigmentation Removal

Lasers use specific wavelengths to target melanin at different depths. They are more precise, faster, and safer than IPL. Modern technologies such as picosecond lasers (e.g., PicoCure) shatter pigment particles into extremely fine dust-like fragments that the body can metabolize more easily. They also stimulate collagen production, improving wrinkles, pores, and overall skin tone. PicoCure is non-invasive, FDA-cleared, CE-certified, and designed for minimal thermal damage.